False Consciousness Essay Sample free essay sample

Q. 3 Lukes’ 3rd dimension of power is controversial because it entails the usage of the construct of ‘false consciousness’ . Using illustrations of your ain. defend and / or review the hypothesis that there is such thing as ‘false consciousness’ . Power has ever been a contested and controversial subject and is one of the most cardinal constructs in the societal scientific disciplines. With respect to the construct of power. the issue of domination and what domination is has besides been widely debated. While most people would presume that domination is achieved by coercion or the open menace of countenances. a more interesting theory is that people consent to their ain domination. This thought seems eccentric as when we think of domination we imagine a ruthless dictator ruling the multitudes through fright and force or we think of an authoritarian personality trying to exercise complete control over a weaker subsidiary through menace and bullying. We will write a custom essay sample on False Consciousness Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What doesn’t come to mind when we think of domination is a individual volitionally leting another to exercise power over them and at the same clip being wholly unmindful to the fact that they are being dominated by some single or group who has hidden from that person at that place existent involvements and replaced them with involvements that favor themselves alternatively. The inquiry so is how is willing conformity to domination secured? This is a inquiry that is addressed by Steven Luke’s in his book ‘Power: A Extremist view’ . In his short essay Luke’s argues that the less powerful peoples wants may be a merchandise of a system which works against their involvements and obscures the truth in a way that suits the involvements of the dominant and powerful groups. This in kernel is what is referred to as False Consciousness. False consciousness refers to ideology ruling the consciousness of exploited groups and categories. which at the same clip justifies and perpetuates their development. The construct of false consciousness is Marxist in its roots and comes from Marxist accounts of the non-revolutionary nature of the labor and the theoretical resistance between scientific discipline and political orientation ( Haugaard. 2003 ) . In Marxist theory. false consciousness is fundamentally the consequence of the failure of the labor to recognize their existent stuff conditions in relation to the businessperson due to ideological control which the labor do non recognize they are under. However Luke’s criticizes the Marist attack seeing that the construct has pertinence in wider countries than category and besides because it â€Å"claims to hold some privileged entree external to the actors† ( Lukes. 2005 ) . Luke’s theory of power and false consciousness came approximately through an in-satisfaction with both Robert Dahl and Bachrach and Baratz behavioural focal point on power. Lukes argued that power had three faces. The public face as studied by Dahl and which relates to the survey of concrete discernible power. The 2nd dimension of power. which is the concealed face and was proposed by Bachrach and Baratz. This dimension points to the forces that keep possible controversial issues off the docket of determination doing spheres. However Lukes 3rd dimension of power expressions at an even more insidious face of power. Lukes looks beyond the analysis of discernible struggles. alternatively concentrating on power in its unseeable signifier in that people sometimes act volitionally in ways that are contrary to their best involvements. Harmonizing to Lukes the effects of power are non exhausted by decision-making and docket building but operate at a deeper degree that people are non w itting of. Lukes believed this to be the most insidious exercising of power because it keeps struggle from coming to the surface in the first topographic point. In this manner Lukes defines power in footings of involvements – ‘A exercising power over B when A affects B in a mode contrary to B’s interests’ ( Haugaard. 2003 ) . Whether such a thing as false consciousness exists has been a problematic subject since its outgrowth. Could it truly be that the things we believe to be our existent involvements are in fact non but alternatively are the consequence of deeply rooted signifiers of political socialisation and indoctrination? Have our perceptual experiences. knowledges and penchants been shaped in such a manner that we accept our function in the bing order of things because we see it as natural or as divinely ordained and good? The balance of this essay will try to undertake this controversial inquiry. One illustration which possible points to the being of false consciousness among the less powerful in society is the huge support for the Republican Party among the working category in the United States. It would look that the working category Republican elector is enduring from false consciousness. They have adopted the positions of their oppressors. False consciousness is the ground the lower category ballot for revenue enhancement cuts for the rich. something that will hold no direct benefit for them whatsoever. Advocates for the being of false consciousness would reason that these electors are being ideologically controlled but do non cognize it. Therefore their consciousness is false. fooled and diverted off from their ain existent involvements. Research on this country was carried out by Thomas Frank and discussed in his book ‘What’s the affair with Kansas? ’ . He used his place province of Kansas as an illustration as to why lower category Americans choose Republican and ballot against their ain economic and societal involvements. Frank recites that Kansas. which one time used to process against money power is now preponderantly republican and that this is non merely something that has happened in Kansas but is widespread throughout America. Frank argues that the growing of the Republican ballot among the working category is due to their scheme which involves taking economic sciences from treatments and alternatively concentrating on issues in which triumph is fundamentally impossible ( such as abortion. gun control Torahs etc ) . which feeds their bases sense of grudge. In this manner Frank shows how the Republican party who were one time a marker of category privilege are now the voice of 1000000s of ordinary Americans. It is difficult to deny the being of false consciousness among the low-class Republican electors when Frank argues that we live in an upside down universe where â€Å"blue-collar nationalists recite the Pledge while they strangle their life opportunities ; where little husbandmans cast their ballots for a Wall Street order that will finally force them off their land ; and where a group of frat male childs. attorneies. and CEOs has managed to convert the state that it speaks on behalf of the People† ( Frank. 2005 ) . Religion can be viewed as a false consciousness. It is the merchandise of adult male. the merchandise of those in power. Take birth control for illustration. The Catholic Church forbids birth control among practising members. which finally leads to big households. This has both wellness and fiscal damaging effects in that each consecutive gestation and birth topographic points extra wellness hazards onto the female parent and important economic load on parents of big households. Obviously this would propose for most households that the Catholic Church’s stance on birth control is non in their best involvement peculiarly over the longer term. However it is of benefit to the church in that their stance on birth control leads to a population growing among the Catholic population and hence a bigger flock over which they can govern. Compared to other faiths this sheer mass of population gives them important power over other faiths. Similarly. Moslems who participate in Ramadan could be argued to endure from a false consciousness. Ramadan can be seen as a manner to farther indoctrinate Muslims into their faith through a procedure of cognitive disagreement. During Ramadan Muslims must fast from dawn to sunset. which on the surface is non in the involvement of the practician but reinforces attachment to that faith. Psychological research has shown that cipher likes to be in a province of cognitive disagreement. which is when there is a gulf between our ideas and our actions. When such a disconnect exists it is our ideas more than our actions that we are likely to alter in order to take the gulf and reconstruct a province of disagreement. Therefore Muslims undergoing Ramadan are likely to happen their spiritual strong beliefs strengthened as their knowledges about their religion are brought more closely in line with the irrational behaviour of irregular drawn-out fasting. In appraising the grounds it would look that there is such a thing as false consciousness but there are jobs with this construct. If you describe person as holding false consciousness you are in kernel stating that that individual does non cognize what is in their ain best involvement – but you do. It assumes that a person’s involvements are cognizable external to that individual. Can one truly presume that their cognition is more true than the cognition of others? If we take the illustration above of Muslims who engage in Ramadan. to many Westerners spiritual patterns like these appear bizarre and it seems those that partake in these sorts of patterns suffer from false consciousness. On the other side of things though to presume that these Moslems are enduring from false consciousness is to state that we possess some sort of true consciousness in which we know what their existent involvements are better so they do. It besides entails an ethnocentric privileging of the position of western thoughts as ‘truth’ and ‘real’ ( Haugaard. 2003 ) . Another job with this construct is that because involvements are knowledges. they are self-validating. If a individual believes their involvements to be met so they are met. Whether they are really met is of no significance to that individual. because they are the agent in inquiry. they are the lone 1s who can state whether or non their demands have been met. In decision. the topic of false consciousness is a slippery one to undertake. False consciousness is non an nonsubjective construct but in existent fact is really subjective and is down to the single individual and their reading of what they believe are ‘real’ or ‘true’ involvements. As external perceivers who are we to state that workers taking occupations over rebellion or adult females taking homemaking over a calling suffer from false consciousness. As Lukes so right put at the terminal of his book â€Å"individuals are full of their ain ideas† and â€Å"no construct of power can of all time be wholly successful† ( Lukes. 2005 ) Mentions Frank. Thomas. ( 2005 ) What’s the affair with Kansas? : How conservativists won the bosom of America. Henry holt and Company. LLC. New York. NY. Haugaard. Mark. ( 2003 ) Power: A Reader. Manchester University Press. Lukes. Steven. ( 2005 ) Power: A Extremist View. Palgrave Macmillan. New York. NY. First published 1974.

Essay on Sexual Addiction

Essay on Sexual Addiction Essay on Sexual Addiction Essay on Sexual AddictionToday, specialists have no doubt that sex can be the object of addiction just like food, shopping or gambling, alcoholism or drug addiction. In cases when a person becomes sexually addicted intimate relationships become the keystone, while all life priorities quietly fade into the background and eventually disappear altogether. The only occupation a person devotes one’s own energy and thoughts to is the striving for pleasure, incessant desire to experience sensual delight. As a result, sexual addiction leads to the loss of ability to control thoughts, feelings and actions.The physiological basis of addiction consists in the fact that sex and love provoke the production of the same chemicals in the brain as heroin and cocaine do, and therefore people suffering from sexual addiction obtain from sex the same experience that drug addicts get from drugs, and alcoholics from alcohol: extremely pleasant sensations, incomparable to anything else in their live s. Sexual relationships become for them the only way to lift the spirit. From the standpoint of psychological roots, the addicts use sex in order to suppress such feelings as sadness, anger, anxiety or fear, as well as get rid of the burden of everyday life. Current observations show that this need is so great that sexually addictive people, like alcoholics, are almost unable to resist their addiction, and therefore the emergence of the disease should not be socially justified by hypersexuality or treated as libertinism, another sexual disorder. Further in this paper, we will attempt to draw this line, considering the epidemiology, causes and course of sexual addiction, as well as will discuss possible therapeutic solutions.Understanding sexual addiction: symptomatology and causesSexuality is an integral human need, a source of pleasure and positive emotions. But this is only a part of life, one of the many human needs, and most people do not put it to the forefront among the others . Harmony is violated in the case when for one reason or another, one of the needs, in this case sexual, becomes an obsession, gains distorted shapes and subordinates all person’s thoughts and actions.However, where is the line distinguishing the normal human need for sex from a mania? On the one hand, as Karila et al. (2014, p. 4018) state in their research, some specialists long used to deny the existence of sexual addiction as a mental disorder and rather attributed it to libertinism. On the other hand, the differences between promiscuity and engagement in the perverted forms of sexual relations and addiction as such are quite obvious. In particular, similarly to other kinds of addiction, sexual addiction is characterized by such main symptoms as the inability to control one’s own sexual impulses, obsessions with sex ideas, inability to say â€Å"no’ and promiscuity of choice (Coleman-Kennedy Pendley, 2002, p. 145-47; Schaeffer, 2009, p. 154-55). As Karila et al. (2014, p. 4019) rightly put it, regardless of the particular type of sexual behavior, it turns into addiction when it gains elements of compulsiveness and complete disregard for the consequences.In this way, sexual addiction should be understood as a compulsive sexual behavior that is subconsciously used to achieve psychological comfort and pleasure. Sex addiction symptoms are manifested in (Coleman-Kennedy Pendley, 2002; Giugliano, 2003; Karila et al. 2014; Schaeffer, 2009):implicit emotional obtrusiveness and psychological instability,low level of moral values,regular uncontrolled sexual impulses arising suddenly and not eliminated by the efforts of will and intellect,gradual increase in the frequency of sexual impulses,signs of â€Å"withdrawals† (abstinence syndrome) after a short abstinencepenchant for casual sex with strangers,inability to maintain a long communication and sexual intercourse with the same partnerpersons’ uncontrollability in other spheres of life.In this way, for a sexual addict sex is the only valuable and desired thing in life, in which one can express independence and natural talents, as well as to assert in society. However, the number of sexual partners increases together with a sense of inner emptiness (Giugliano, 2003, p. 181). Considering a person of the opposite sex only as an object for sexual satisfaction, addicts appear not to be able to build long-term relationships or experience emotional bond in existing communications. Inability to fulfill the increasingly burgeoning sexual fantasies often leads to aggression, irritability, sudden mood changes, and depression (Giugliano, 2003; Riemersma Sytsma, 2013).In psychoanalytic understanding, the basis of sexual addiction is all-consuming anxiety (Giugliano, 2003; Coleman-Kennedy Pendley, 2002; Matà ©, 2012). According to Giugliano (2003, p. 179), this anxiety often originates in the disorder of sexual structure of personality: for example, in the sexual ne ed for suppression of painful feelings during early sexual trauma, as well as for overcoming the state of infantile rage, depression, or anhedonia (irritation and displeasure). Reasons of sexoholism can be serious psychological problems related to childhood rape, unsuccessful first sexual experience, parents’ sexual misconduct and distorted set of priorities (Matà ©, 2012, p. 58-61). Thus, basing on 2012 research of childhood trauma by Gabor Matà ©, the factors responsible for the development of sexual addiction for women may be, for example, mother’s chronic depression and hyperstimulating sexualized relationship with father. In the case of men, these might be degrading and rejecting parental figures, especially mother, demonstrative exception of the boy from parental love relationships.In general, expects agree that the lack of love, care, and attention from parents, and especially mother, has a great influence on the formation of future patterns of behavior with t he opposite sex (Giugliano, 2003; Matà ©, 2012; Schaeffer, 2009). An â€Å"underloved† child who lacked affection, gentle mother kisses and hugs finds it difficult to feel confident in adult life even with a good outlook. Such people with low self-esteem constantly feel the desire to assert themselves at the expense of attention of the opposite sex. Men tend to prove to each new partner, to themselves and others their power and â€Å"sexual might†; women conquering another man subconsciously look for acknowledgement. Thus, deviant behavior patterns mainly form as a response to psychological trauma, and have a fairly strong tendency to develop into a full-fledged addiction.Dealing with sexual addiction:epidemiology, risk groups, and their most common behavior patternsThus, numerous studies claim that today about 6% of people are obsessed with the constant idea of sex (Karila et al. 2014, p. 4013). It should be noted that the most or nearly 70% of sexoholics who search for skilled medical help are men (Riemersma Sytsma, 2013, p. 307). As Riemersma and Sytsma (2013, p. 309) describe it, a typical portrait of a sexual addict is a heterosexual man in his forties, married (or having a permanent partner), a professional who leads quite a normal life in all other aspects. At the same time, the situation with identifying dependencies among women is uneasy. According to experts, due to the still-preserved system of double standards, they often do not admit having any disorders and do not seek medical help. Nevertheless, the number of women experiencing constant irresistible need for sex is not less than 30% and shows rapid growth in recent years (Riemersma Sytsma, 2013, p. 312).According to Giugliano (2003), some people are more prone to addiction than others. For example, such traits may indicate that the person is able to get hooked on sex: suggestibility and imitation, curiosity and the constant search for new sensations, risk appetite and adventuris m, fear of loneliness (Young, 2008, p. 23-26). According to Matà © (2012); observations, potential sexoholics often have uneasy relationship with the parent of the opposite sex. Dependence is often provoked by a crisis situation like, for example, a betrayal when the deceived partner seeks to dissociate oneself from pain by using one of the patterns of deviant sexual behavior (Schaeffer, 2009, p. 159).In general, psychiatrists distinguish 12 behaviors that are often associated with sex addiction (basing on Coleman-Kennedy Pendley, 2002; Giugliano, 2003; Karila et al., 2014; Riemersma Sytsma, 2013; and Schaeffer, 2009):Compulsive masturbation reaching in some cases 20 times a day,Numerous sex and extramarital sexual relations, a high demand for sexual intercourse,Promiscuity in sexual partners, frequent â€Å"one night† relationships,Obtrusive use and watching of pornographic materials, pornophilia,Sex with strangers without using condoms and other contraception and protect ion against STDs,Phone sex, constant participation in sexual forums on the Internet and social networks,Obsessive dating through electronic and conventional dating services,Frequent use of prostitutes or gigolos,Exhibitionism,Voyeurism (watching other people have sex),Sexual harassment and sexual abuse,Propensity for sexual abuse and incest, and other paraphilias.If a person’s behavior matches at least four of the above symptoms, there is high probability that an individual is a sexual addict (Karila et al., 2014, p. 4015).Essay on   Sexual Addiction part 2

Why Selfies Do More Harm Than Good Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Why Selfies Do More Harm Than Good - Essay Example Lincoln`s Lost Speech. This is an important artifact which is followed only or mostly by Americans. This speech was addressed by Abraham Lincoln in a small building in Bloomington. This speech holds immense importance in the history of America as it laid the foundation of modern America. Not only that, but it established the Republication Party. In modern day, only traces of the speech are known. What this artifact explains is that some artifacts fail to travel to other countries due to a lack of interest. People from other countries will not feel patriotic towards this artifact as they serve and live in another country. Artifacts are a way of creating bridges between two countries. People of different countries follow and enjoy a mutual thing. In this way, the connection is made. People get to express their thoughts across the people of the other country. (Selfiesatfunerals.tumblr.com) Selfies. The major artifact of today. This trend gained popularity in many countries. Not only tee nagers and kids, but adults also enjoy taking `selfies.` Selfies have been the headlines of many news channels. Like any other item, selfies also have certain pros and cons. Yes, they prove to be fun, but they are also met with criticism. A collection of memories is what a lot of people treasure. But in the process of collecting memories, do we fail to be a part of them? This is the question which has been pondered over. Selfies also create privacy risks. By posting them on our social media accounts we are not the only ones who own it.

Data Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Data Analysis - Assignment Example However, this region is poorer than other parts of U.S. This can be seen from the economic characteristics of the population. The average family income in this region is $36,299, whereas in the other parts of the U.S, the average income is $50,046. This again reiterates the point that this region is poorer than other U.S regions and luxuries won’t do well in this region. The products that should be developed for this region should be necessities like food, basic clothing and other necessary household items. Another piece of statistic that shows that luxuries cannot prevail in this region is the fact that almost 25% families are living below poverty lines in the region. The total U.S average below poverty lines is only 9%. This shows that designer goods and luxuries won’t do well in this region. However, this region is at par in terms of education with 24% of the people having bachelor’s degree, which is equal to the U.S national average. In short, this market can be served well if the goods produced for this region are cheap and are less costly. The median age is about the same in Chicago and the U.S. This shows that same products can be offered to this region as being offered in the rest of U.S. The median of Chicago 34.1 years, whereas in 35.3 years. This shows the population pattern is more of less very same, and the products that are offered in the entire U.S region can be offered to the region 60616. In Chicago around 79% of the population is above18, whereas the figure reduces to 75% in the entire U.S.A. This can be used by marketing experts when devising the adverts for their product. They should keep in mind to make adverts which are factual because the majority of the population is mature. Here, the information should not be incorrect, because then a lot of people will not buy the firm’s product. Overall, the chunk of population above 18 is quite similar, but in Chicago the share is higher and as a result advertisers should take into

Report wine Essay Example for Free

Report wine Essay The consumption of alcoholic beverages has been an integral part of Polish social tradition. It is well above the European average. This trend began during the communist era, and steadily increased through the 1980s. In 1980 the average male Pole over sixteen years of age consumed the equivalent of 16. 6 liters of pure alcohol per year. Nowadays, although consumption remains higher that the EU average, it is on a downward trajectory. Research suggests that exposure to media and alcohol marketing is associated with the likelihood that adolescents will start drinking alcohol, and with increased drinking amongst drinkers. In order to protect vulnerable groups, and especially young people, against harmful exposure to alcohol marketing, an effective alcohol marketing regulation is crucial. Content regulations could, if adequate, protect young people and adults against misleading or deceptive alcohol advertisements. When all relevant elements are addressed, content restrictions can protect young people against exposure to attractive alcohol advertising. Alcohol advertisers always search for innovative ways to market their product. When introducing partial alcohol marketing bans, there is a danger that alcohol is advertised in media, on times or places which are not restricted. Substitution effects are limited by a comprehensive alcohol marketing ban that is integrated in an integral alcohol policy. Alcohol advertising in Poland is subject to legislative regulations under the ‘The Act of October 26th, 1982 on Upbringing in Sobriety and Counteracting Alcoholism’ which ban an advertising for wine and spirits, based on the higher content of those beverages: â€Å"advertisement and promotion in the territory of the country of any alcoholic beverage shall be prohibited, except for beer†. Therefore, only the promotion of beer is allowed on TV and radio, in cinemas, outdoor, in magazines and newspapers and by sponsoring. Additionally, beer advertising is not allowed between 6 am till 8 pm on TV, radio and in cinemas, except for sponsor messages. Wine advertising is allowed on the internet and other new media, direct marketing, promotions from selling points (bars and restaurants) or catering industry and specialist magazines. The Polish spirit industry endorses a voluntary code which stipulates â€Å"concerning the protection of minors, that alcohol advertisements can only target persons who have the legal drinking age (with some other additional restrictions)†. Poland has implemented the AVMSD for all media when it comes to content restrictions. The advertising for all kinds of alcoholic beverages must comply with the following requirements: ?not to be directed to minors and under age persons or to be broadcast in programs for them; ? not to use minors and under age as performers or, in particular, present minors and under age using these beverages; ? the contents of the commercials must not be related to sport and physical achievements or driving vehicles; ? not to maintain that the alcoholic beverages possess therapeutic qualities, have stimulating or sedative effect or that they solve personal problems; ? Not to encourage the excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages or present the abstention or the moderation in negative light; ?not to suggest that the high alcoholic contents contributes to the good quality of the alcoholic beverages. ?not to create impression that the using of alcohol contributes to a social or sexual success. Volume and/or content restrictions can only be effective when adequately supported by a regulatory system. An effective regulation system should meet the following criteria: †¢The legal context must be supporting; there can not be any conflicting regulations on the national or international level that interfere with the alcohol marketing regulations. Like all regulations, self regulations in specific needs a clear legislative framework and enough incentives to function in an effective way. Therefore a legal backstop to support the enforcement of the restrictions should be taken into the regulatory system. A legal back stop makes it possible that when the code is offended (several times) a legal body is put in operation and to be able to sanction adequately. †¢An effective complaint system with easy access to and support from the public. To make sure the whole system of regulations, complaining and sanctions can be watched and monitored by third parties, the whole system should be transparent and information on these topics should be provided to the public on every stage of the process. From the evaluated regulations appears that not all Member State countries have a complaint system that is completely transparent. †¢Independent advertising committee: Evaluation by parties independent from commercial interests (not by adverting industry related or alcohol industry related) but by judges, public health advocates or consumer representatives. Self regulation system can only be effective when a third-party is consulted when evaluating possible breaches, else wise the code is created and abide by the same ones who monitor the compliance. This committee should in the first place protection of the public health and therefore evaluate the advertisements following the interpretation of the general public (with special regard to vulnerable groups). †¢Sanctions that are expected to be most effective are withdraw broadcasting rights and substantial financial penalties. Sanctions that are expected to be less effective are bad publicity or voluntary action. †¢Restrictions should cover the entire range of forms of marketing activities and should be updated regularly and be prepared to interact with future developments. Volume and/or content restrictions in alcohol marketing regulations will only be effective when there is an adequate regulatory system that supports the restrictions. This regulatory system empowers the implementation of the restriction, its adherence and evaluation process. Self regulation codes are written by the alcohol industry and mainly rely on content restrictions that do not prevent young people from being exposed to large volumes of attractive alcohol advertising, promotion and sponsorship. These content restrictions are often ambiguous and open to interpretation. Especially with these ‘vague’ codes, an adjudication system independent from commercial interests with the possibility of using effective sanctions is essential. More practical, the following recommendation to policy makers can be formulated: †¢Recognizing the effects of alcohol marketing exposure on drinking behaviour, decreasing the overall volume of alcohol marketing to which young people are exposed is desired. †¢To decrease the overall volume of alcohol marketing to which young people are exposed, a volume restriction on advertising, promotion and sponsorship is recommended. †¢In order to decrease substitution effects from restricted types of alcohol marketing to unrestricted types of alcohol marketing, a comprehensive ban is desired. †¢When alcohol marketing is allowed, alcohol marketing tools that are difficult to monitor (e. g.alcohol advertising on the internet) or reach many young people should be prohibited. †¢In media where alcohol marketing is allowed, content restrictions that address all attractive elements to young people are recommended. †¢To avoid ambiguous restrictions that are open to interpretation, content restrictions should address all aspects that are allowed to be used in alcohol advertisements instead of what is not permitted. †¢Alcohol marketing regulations should be supported by a strong supporting system that guarantees effective implementation, evaluation and adherence of the evaluation process: For the implementation of alcohol marketing regulations it is important that there are no conflicting regulations on the supra-national or national level and a legal backstop to support the enforcement of the restrictions. The evaluation process of alcohol marketing regulations will be improved by an adjudication committee independent from economic interests from the sale of alcohol or advertisements. The adherence to alcohol marketing regulations should be monitored regularly by the government or a board independent from economic interests of the sale of alcohol or advertisements. A mandatory pre-screening system, and a transparent complaint system and substantial financial penalties will increase the adherence to alcohol marketing regulations. †¢Since it is in the interest of public health, but not in the interest of the alcohol and advertising sector to restrict the volume of alcohol advertising substantially, alcohol marketing regulations embedded by law are necessary to protect vulnerable groups towards harmful exposure to alcohol marketing. †¢Due to the global alcohol marketing activities, harmonization of (statutory) alcohol marketing regulations at the European level is desired. This will decrease the possibilities of alcohol advertisers to reach young people by international channels. Concerning the Consumer Protection has undergone a profound change in recent years. As Poland has introduced the European Community legal system, the scope of consumer protection has been widened and the legal control in this respect has been strengthened. The main body responsible for consumer protection is the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection. In case of wine, Polish legal regulations set out safety norms. The act prevents unsafe products from entering the market and puts a number of obligations on the producers starting with the labelling of the product, research, providing consumers with information allowing for proper assessment of potential threats, and ending with the obligation to inform the president of the Office, should the producer find out that his already marketed product is unsafe. The president of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection has a right to force withdrawal of unsafe products from the market, to investigate and make decisions about practices which violate consumer rights, and intervene, should an agreement of sale include illegal clauses, which do not comply with law or accepted practice. Such interventions are on the rise in Poland. But, apart from the state of the legal system, the other crucial factor is consumer awareness so far, the cases of consumers suing producers have been few. It can be however expected that consumer awareness will increase and any company willing to conduct business activity in Poland should take it into consideration.

Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) Essay -- Hyperactivity C

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  You have probably heard and may even have used the term hyperactivity. The notion is a modern one: there were no hyperactive children 50 to 60 years ago. Today, if anything, the term is applied too often and too widely. The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) estimates that all teachers have in their classrooms at least one child with ADHD (Simmons, RG. 1993).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Actually, hyperactivity is not one particular condition: it is â€Å"a set of behaviors† such as excessive restlessness and short attention span that are quantitatively and qualitatively different from those children of the same sex, mental age, and socioeconomic status (Gutskey, T.R. 1991).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today most psychologists agree that the main problem for children labeled hyperactive is directing and maintaining attention, not simply controlling their physical activity. The American Psychiatric Association has established a diagnostic category called attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to identify children with this problem. What are the signs of ADHD   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Professionals who diagnose ADHD use the diagnostic criteria set forth by the American Psychiatric Association (1994) in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: the fourth edition of this manual, known as the DSM-IV, was released in May 1994 (Soar, R.S. & Soar, R.M. 1994).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The primary features associated with the disability are inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. A child with ADHD is usually described as having a short attention span and as being distractible. In actuality, distractibility and inattentiveness are not synonymous.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Distractibility refers to the short attention span and the ease with which some children can be pulled off task. Attention, on the other hand, is a process that has different parts. We focus (pick something on which to pay attention), we select (pick something that needs attention at that moment), and we sustain (pay attention for as long as is needed). We also resist (avoid things that remove our attention from where it needs to be), and we shift (move our attention to something else when needed). When we refer to someone as distractible, we are saying that a part of that person’s attention process is disrupted.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Children with ADHD can have difficulty with one or all parts of the attention process. Some children may... ...to become effective. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Deliver negative consequences in a firm, business-like way without emotion, lectures, or long-winded explanations (Cohan, E.G. 1986).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe that teachers and parents need to be aware of the symptoms of ADHD. It is essential to understand how those symptoms impact the child's ability to function at home, in school, and in social situations. When the adults in the child's life understand the nature of the disorder, they are better able to structure situations to enable the child to behave appropriately and achieve success. It is important to remember that the child who has difficulty with attention, impulse control, and in regulating physical activity needs help and encouragement to manage these problems. I feel that a classroom environment that is rich in structure, support and encouragement can nurture success in all students. Completing this research paper has been an effective tool in reinforcing these concepts. Brain scan images produced by positron emission tomography (PET) show the differences between an individual with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (right) and someone without the disease (left) (Zametkin et. al. 1990).

Movie Madness: Lord of War

In my opinion, Lord of War has a couple of different ethical issues in it. The main character in the movie, Yuri Orlov played by Nicolas Cage, sold illegal guns to countries around the world. Yuri did not care who he sold the guns to, he was just worried about making money. Although selling these guns brought Yuri a ton of money, this was unethical because Yuri’s did not care how his actions affected other people (i. e. people getting killed by these illegal guns). The thought of selling illegal guns came from his uncle being the head of the military. Yuri was not always a law breaker. He once worked at his family’s restaurant, but he wasn’t happy with the amount of money he was making. Even though the family business was making money, Yuri wanted his family to live better then where. Yuri allowed greed to get in the way and he wanted to become rich. If Yuri would have stayed true to his moral ethics, he would have realized that it would have been better for him to stay at the family restaurant and work on some different ways to grow the businesses income. Yuri’s actions were also morally unethical because he was breaking the law. Another way that Yuri’s decisions affected ethics was regarding business ethics. When Yuri was selling guns to other countries, including countries that were at war with his own country, he was essentially helping to potentially start wars. I also feel that it is morally unethical for Yuri to bring his brother Vitaly into the illegal arms business. If Yuri wanted to be unethical, that is solely his choice; however for him to basically plead with his brother to join him and play on his brother’s sense of brotherly love is unethical. Yuri used the one thing he was always able to use against Vitaly to get him to do anything â€Å"Brothers in arms. † Yuri was only thinking about money, and was not thinking about the well-being of his brother. This comes back to haunt Yuri, when he is forced to take cocaine from a drug dealer who is buying guns from him. The dealer forces Yuri and Vitaly to test the merchandise, which in turn caused Vitaly to get hooked and addicted to cocaine. Even though Yuri had good intentions of trying to get his brother rich, he hurt Vitaly in the long run. A good lesson to take away from this movie is that if something worth having; it is worth working hard for. There are no easy ways out. Yuri could have stayed home and worked at his family restaurant, but instead he let his greed get in the way. In regards to Vitaly, Yuri needed to realize that every decision that you make has repercussions and accountability, so you need to make sure you make the right decision. Yuri lied to his wife, and the repercussion of his betrayal was that she turned him in to the Interpol.